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It could also involve creation of awareness of market forces that influence prices of commodities. Significance highlights the reasons for conducting the research, i. Has it contributed to the solution of an immediate problem? Who will the research benefit i. This includes time and financial constraints that influences the scope of the study, data inaccessibility, and unanticipated occurrences. Limitations need to be differentiated form Delimitations of the study.

On the one hand limitations, as already noted refers to limiting conditions or restrictive weakness which are beyond the control of the researcher. On the other hand, delimitations refer to factors which can be controlled by the researcher, i.

Delimitations set parameters on the scope of the study, telling the reader what will be included and what will be included and what will be left out and why. The formats of the Project thesis may vary from Institution to another but all conform to the following chapters. Although many people rightly associate literature with novels and poetry, in research the term is more specific.

A literature review therefore is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. It is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that the researcher will be carrying out. It involves examining documents such as books, magazines, journals and dissertations that have a bearing on the study being conducted.

Hence, Literature review involves the systematic identification, location and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem. This is due to the following: 1. It sharpens and deepens the theoretical foundation of the research.

Literature review enables the researcher to study different theories related to the identified topic. By studying these theories, a researcher gains clarity and better understanding of the theoretical foundations related to the current research. It gives the researcher insight into what has already been done in the selected field, pinpointing its strengths and weaknesses.

This information guides the researcher in the formulation of a theory that aims at addressing the identified gaps. It enables the researcher to know the kind of additional data needed in the study. This helps avoid duplication of work. An understanding of previous works helps the researcher to develop a significant problem which will provide further knowledge in the field of study. It also helps in delimiting the research problem.

This is through portraying what has already been done and what would be useful to focus on in the current study. It helps in developing an analytic framework of a basis for analyzing and interpreting data. A thorough review will reveal what strategies, procedures and measuring instruments have been found useful in investigating the problem in question.

This information helps one to avoid mistakes that have been made by other researchers and helps one to benefit from their experience. A good review may also help to clarify how to use certain procedures which one may have learned in theory and was still unsure how to execute them. In most cases, literature review will suggest other procedures and approaches, and this is very useful information because a researcher could try our these suggested approaches, especially if they will improve the research study.

A thorough review makes the researcher familiar with previous studies and thus facilitates interpretation of the results of the study. For example, results can be discussed in terms or whether they support of contradict previous findings. If there is a contradiction, the review might provide a rationale for the discrepancy. A thorough review exposes the researcher to a variety of approaches. Hence, approaches that have proved to be futile will be revealed helping the researcher to avoid these approaches, and this contributes to a well-designed methodology, and thus a significant study.

In some cases, a researcher may not have narrowed down to a topic at the start of literature review. In such cases, the review helps the researcher to limit the problem and to define it better. Literature review helps to determine new approaches and stimulates new ideas. The researcher may also be alerted to research possibilities which have been overlooked in the past.

In most cases, authors of research articles include specific suggestions and recommendations for those planning further research. These suggestions are usually found when reviewing literature and should be considered very carefully. Qualities of an Effective Literature Review The following are qualities expected from an effective literature review. The methodology used in the studies and the quality of interpretation of the findings are also analyzed.

Other issues addressed by the researcher while reviewing literature relate to the sampling procedures adopted and their appropriateness for the study. The interpretation of data particularly on whether if is based on logical deduction of findings is also examined. An investigation is also made of research findings and their statistical significance.

The applicability of the research findings to a wide population is discussed. By identifying these gaps and highlighting the identified controversies, it helps to indicate that further research needs to be carried out on the identified topic. It also points out how the current study will contribute positively towards filling the identified gaps.

This link brings consistency and continuity in relation to the identified topic. It also acts as a guideline in assessment of the research questions.

These key issues can be formulated by the researcher clearly identifying the research topic, title and the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The objectives of the study should also be identified. The researcher should also be certain of the specific problem the literature review will help address. That is, does it deal with issues of theory, methodology, policy or social issues?

For example in a study by Kombo , Abortion in Kenya: An examination of its causes and effects of female students in secondary schools and colleges, the research topic was on abortion and its influence on education. The literature review therefore focused on these aspects. This will assist the researcher to be focused in material selection. What has been done and can be done to assist these students? After the preliminary statement, the researcher can now begin to identify sources of information relevant to the research topic.

There are a wide variety of sources available for locating articles for the review of literature. Many of these sources are available in the libraries. The internet can also be used to locate articles. Some of the sources of information include journal articles. These are good especially for up-to-date information. They are frequently used in the literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up-to-date format for research, and because all reputable journals are peer reviewed and refereed that is, editors publish only the most relevant and reliable research.

Books offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed sources. Conference proceedings are useful in providing current research findings or research that has not been published.

Many government departments and corporations or commissions carry out research. Newspapers can also offer useful information about recent trends, discoveries or changes e. Specialized magazines are very useful for example business magazines for management students in providing general information about new discoveries and policies. Theses and dissertations can be useful sources of information.

The researcher should identify the scope of the literature review. This will hasten the search for materials. Is it clearly defined? Is its significance clearly established? This will enable the researcher to deduce how applicable the article is to the current study. In the selection of articles, the most recent works on a subject area must be identified. This shows or demonstrates how the researcher is conversant with current trends in knowledge in the subject area.

This includes taking notes and paraphrasing any relevant literature that the researcher would want to include in the literature review. The researcher should mark these notes with some codes for easy retrieval. This involves putting the code on an index card or on the photocopied article if you photocopied it.

The author should indicate any statements that are direct quotations use quotation marks and also jot down the page number.

The researcher should keep personal reactions separated from direct quotations. The details of the source e. The article codes will assist in this.

The researcher should also differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. Points that are similar should be grouped together. This involves analyzing each reference in terms of the research variables. The researcher should also analyze all references identified for the relationships or differences between them. One way of reviewing literature in an organized manner is by viewing it according to the objectives. The researcher selects an objective and reviews information related to the achievement of that particular objective under the sub-headings of the objective itself.

The objectives provide guidelines on what should be put under them and how it should be. The researcher should also reflect on whether the search was narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material. The researcher should also reflect on whether the number of sources used was appropriate in tackling the issue under discussion. The researcher should also reflect on the relevancy of the information given to the readers.

The literature should help put the research problem into perspective. Challenges Faced in the Formulation of Literature Review There are many challenges researchers encounter while writing the literature review.

This includes the following; a Failure to connect the reviewed studies with the current study — Some literature reviews are simply listings of one piece of literature after the other without any discussion and analysis. These make the studies unrelated to the current study. This makes the work disjointed particularly if separate paragraphs are addressing a similar point. The researcher should ensure that similar points are grouped together or combined.

Some researchers start each article with the name of the researcher. This repetition can become tiresome for readers. During the wars the situation virtually escalated with incidence of wide scale atrocities on women; rampant raping, abduction, trafficking and killing. Women are frequently treated as chattels of their husbands or fathers, traded into early marriage, or subjected to violence punishment. They are also often deprived of access to education, justice or political decision- making, even while providing the bulk of labour for agriculture as well as child- rearing and domestic duties.

Traditional social structures have often tolerated domestic violence and traditional practices harmful to girls in particular. Relative to men, women have had limited opportunities for empowerment through education, economic advancement and inheritance. After the wars, the need for sustainable growth and poverty reduction has been the main thrust of each country.

In that case, issues of peace, security, gender equality and women empowerment, poverty reduction, good governance, food security and employment have been the main theme of development. Each country developed strategies signalling the move from a conflict — dominated agenda towards a much needed development oriented with priorities given to sector areas of youth Phd.

Specifically, the study will: I. Examine the roles and activities of key Non- state actors in improving the gender gap. Importance of the study Looking at the geographical boundaries, the social and the economic background of these countries and the pervasiveness of poverty, insecurity and gender inequality, the need for peace and sustainable development is crucial.

Lasting peace requires a broader vision encompassing areas such as education and health, democracy and human right, protecting against environmental degradation, and the proliferation of deadly weapon. We cannot be secure amidst starvation, we cannot build peace without alleviating poverty, and we cannot build freedom on foundation of injustice and inequality. These pillars are people — cantered and are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Gender concept has entered the daily vocabulary of government officials, military, Non- governmental Organisations, intellectuals, humanitarian aid workers, individuals and policy maker and has opened massive debates and studies.

Therefore, designing effective policies to address gender challenges require adequate information and understanding of the relevancy of gender indicators. These indicators can Phd. The indicators can be used to evaluate the outcomes of gender- focused and mainstream interventions and policies and help reveal barriers to achieve success.

They can provide vital information for adjusting programmes and activities so that they better achieve gender equality goals and do not create adverse impacts on women and men. They can also be used to measure gender mainstreaming within organisations.