Vishnu purana in tamil pdf download
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And it is argued that in the Kautilya the road which goes from west to east is not the royal road but the high road which is a trade route. It may be that Kautilya was aware of it and he had no occasion to mention it. While we do not meet with the term krosa as an official measurement in the Arthashastra, the term is not unknown to Ashokan inscriptions.
According to the seventh Pillar Edict of Ashoka at intervals of eight kos the roads were marked by trees and fountains of water. Mile-stones might have been used or might not have been used. If this were established it would not detract the value of the Arthashastra which portrays a state of affairs actually obtaining in the land. Scholars like Law and Mookerjee have accepted the theory that the measurement of land was in practice in Ancient India. It is true that the measurement in the Arthashastra refers only to the village and its borders, and at the same time one cannot agree with Prof.
Stein that Megasthenes refers to a general measurement of lands. That this is only a supposition of Dr. Stein, and that Megasthenes must have meant only the village measurement is evident from Strabo whom the learned scholar himself has quoted. One of the functions of officials like the Gopa and the Sthanika in the Kautilya is the survey and the measurement of lands.
Irrigation canals Speaking on irrigation, Megasthenes observes that the officials supervise waterways sluices which can be closed, and out of which water is let out slowly so that all may have access to it. Stein would not accept the rendering by McCrindle of the Greek expression in the Indika as sluices. He interprets it as any waterway that could be shut up. The term is also used in another sense, in connection by iron railings.
With this we are not concerned now. Setubandha is a construction of a dam or bridge to shut out or let in water. This is the generally accepted interpretation and no purpose is served by twisting it and interpreting it in other ways. The harvest seasons Dr. Stein next examines the mention of the two crops in the course of the year by Megasthenes who speaks also of the fertility of the soil and a double rainfall, one in the winter season and the other in summer.
Wheat, rice, sesame and millet are mentioned. Megasthenes who had heard of the agricultural industry from report — because there is no statement that he went into the country-parts outside the Capital -— could not furnish more details than these. Kautilya mentions the crops of the rainy season and crops which could be raised in other seasons also.
The fertility of the soil and the raising of two crops, summer and winter, can be easily proved from the Arthashastra and especially the chapter entitled sitadhyaksa. In the Arthashastra however there is no mention of Pataliputra. Strabo on the other hand mentions wooden buildings all round, which is not a fact.
Rhys Davids speaks of fortifications in India built of stone walls in the 6th century B. Kautilya refers unmistakably to walls of stone. Therefore Strabo could not be credited with full knowledge of facts about India. There were certainly wooden portions in the buildings. This is true even of houses built today. Law has shown that houses of wood were indeed common in the fourth century B.
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